Method of treating and producing fluids from reservoirs of variable permeability



FIPYE lZ XR 3942292394- Jan. 21, 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,894

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILI'IY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet of 11 Fig.i

flu/Mae 84 Brandon IN VEN TOR.

BY/Jzdi {4 T TOMEYS.

Jan. 21. 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,394

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet 2 of 11 lamnca Branden INVEN TOR.

ATTORNEYS Jan. 21. 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,394

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMBABILITY Sheet 3 of 11 r iled June 5, 1967 ware/1w Ee Eran do;

INVENTOR.

AT TDRNEYS Jan. 21, 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,894

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet 4 of 11 Gamma W. firandaia INVEN TOR.

BYILLaQ F M ATTORNEYS Jan. 21, 1969 3 4'2 894 C. W. BRANDON 4 a METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY FzLeci June 5, 1967 et 5 Of 11 iamnc W; Branden INVEN TOR.

ATTORNEYS Jan. 21-, 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,894 METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet of 11 Fig. i2

C/arsnce PM Brandon INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS Jan. 21, 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,894

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OP Sheet VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Fig 14 Clarence W Branden INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS Jan. 21, 1969 c, w. BRANDON 3,422,894

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRQDUCiNG FLU-IDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet 8 of 11 3224 f 5 III Fig/5 T 3 I 220 324 I 502 2 3504 372 I %I' 370 K 504 6 a 553 r 366; 6' I? 3 350 52 1 $2 l A 364 63 1- i I JLP-ifi \\iii1 ).N .44: s 5053;; a 3/0 l6 yxwmw ware/ma W. Eran d0:

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AT TORNEYS Jan. 21, 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,894

METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet 9 of 11 Fig. /8

Clarence W. Eran don LNVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS Jan. 21, 1969 c. w. BRANDON 3,422,394 METHOD OF TREATING AND PRODUCING FLUIDS FROM RESERVOIRS OF VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 Sheet of 11 O 3 V O O Q Q 4 Brandon INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS 4 9 2 O 2 S Am. 3 W R E S E R M O R P.

Sheet VARIABLE PERMEABILITY Filed June 5, 1967 w w E m c n? n am w e v cm 9 h. FB M 0 1 wmw j g in? QNQl 3 2: j 3% P vmv mm. 1.11 om mm. Q2 m Q m? 2 a T 31 #2 mm m i2 mun 9? 81 L I. 3. NE m: 2: o N2 ited States 41 Claims Int. Cl. E21b 43/26, 43/25, 43/16 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An oil recovery method wherein cyclic alternations of fluid medium and sonic waves are introduced into a variably permeable formation and are controlled such that fluid medium and sonic waves are withdrawn cyclically during the rarefaction portion of the alternation waves. This causes greater production from the less permeable areas.

This application is a continuation-impart of my copending application Ser. No. 211,778, filed July 23, 1962, now Patent No. 3,323,592, which was a continuation-inpart of application Ser. No. 433,965, filed June 2, 1954, now Patent No. 3,045,749, and contains subject matter common to my copending application Ser. No. 611,082, filed Jan. 23, 1967, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 665,995, filed June 17, 1957, now Patent No. 3,302,720.

This invention pertains to improved methods for the use of fluids and sonic waves of particular characteristics in the various methods of treating of, secondary recovery by, and the production from reservoirs of variable permeability and/or porosity containing oil, gas and other fluids, particularly those formations of extreme variation of permeability of the face of the formation exposed to the well bore, wherein various treating methods atent have had the adverse effect of increasing the permeability of sections already too permeable in relation to the rest of the formation, and wherein it has been economically ineffectual to use secondary recovery waterflooding, mis cible or immiscible gas driving, or any of the other .methods of, recovery dependent upon a substantially uniform bank of production fluids being maintained in and advanced to production wells within the reservoirs.

One of the major causes of present uneconomical recovery of several billions of barrels of oil from certain known reserves wherein well bores have more than amply outlined the limits of production, as well as provided an 7 access means for what would be considered to cause substantial complete drainage of oil and gas from the field, is that these are stratified formations, which, under changing conditions of geological time cause variations in permeability to the flow of petroleum and other interstitial fluids and capacity of the pore space to accumulate these various fluids. This variation may be several thousand percent within a few feet of the vertical height of a stratified productive formation.

These variations inhibit the ability of a formation to produce a uniform rate of fluid production and effectively drain these types of reservoirs. This inhibition is similar to that contained within an impermeable formation that prevents escape or migration of the petroleum and other fluids from a particular reservoir.

By way of illustration, in one reservoir in south Texas, the original petroleum in place was estimated by reliable authorities to be in excess of million barrels of oil. The total primary production from all of the uniformly patterned wells drilled into the reservoir was less than 40 million barrels of oil. It was estimated by known factors that because of the high residual oil saturation of the sand of the reservoir, that secondary recovery waterflooding of this enclosed reservoir should produce an amount of oil approximately equaling the primary production, or an additional 40 million barrels of oil.

Subsequent secondary recovery waterflooding by carefully engineered methods was continued in one section of the reservoir until non-economic production was approached. At that time, less than ten percent of the estimated secondary recovery production was obtained. Later analysis revealed that the sand had an extremely variable profile of permeability throughout the thickness of the sand. This variable vertical permeability of the sand ran from a few millidarcys up to several thousand millidarcys. Injected flood water would by-pass the main sections of the sand and quickly go to the production wells through these more open sand sections. Accordingly, only a frac tion of the oil left in place was caused to be produced. Once water production at each of the production wells approached the capacity of the pumps, substantially no more oil would be produced from that well and all of that area of the reservoir between the nearest water injection well and that production well would be considered depleted of recoverable oil.

Numerous corrective measures were not successful in attempting to correct this by-passing by the flood water through these more permeable sections of the sand. Various types of substances and viscous fluids were forced into these more permeable strata. The flood water would go through the less permeable areas of sand that were not blocked by the permeability decreasing agents, but as soon as the relatively superficial extent of the formation blocked by the agents was passed, then the flood water would again enter the more permeable strata and thus by-pass the main oil saturated sections of the sand.

It can be seen from the above example that some other approach must be conceived in order to successfully recover oil from these numerou reservoirs of variable permeability that have a substantial percentage of the original residual oil remaining therein after production wells have depleted economic recovery of oil from primary oil production.

I have shown and described in detail in my copending applications, Ser. No. 433,965, Ser. No. 665,995, and Ser. No. 611,082, and other continuing or related applications, methods and apparatus capable of recovering substantial amounts of this normally unrecoverable oil. Basically these inventions teach use of a fluid medium through which particular and peculiar sonic waves having controlled and repetitious forms of modulated sonic energy are transmitted. This effect can be entirely automatic or semi-automatic with manual changes being made at various periods of time in accordance with visual and/or recorded results.

Accordingly, one of the principal objects of this invention is to provide a method of substantially controlling the area and extent of secondary recovery drive fluids in productive reservoirs of variable permeability and/ or porosity, so that increased total production of fluids may be obtained from the reservoir.

The foregoing objective is achieved by regulating the simultaneous injection of fluids and sonic or pulsating pressure waves and the cyclic withdrawal thereof, whereby the variable permeable and porous sections of the strata will have a more uniform advance of the injected fluids and sonic energy throughout the vertical height of the productive sand.

In accordance with the present invention, well fluid is contacted by a sonic wave radiating means placed near the face of the formation which means is constructed to cyclically alow half wave pressure inpulses from a sonic generator to be connected directly with the fluids of the formation during the compression half wave cycle of the produced sonic wave and controllably release said sonic pressure impulses from the formation during the half wave rarefaction portions of the sonic impulses from said sonic wave generator.

Application of the pulsating sonic pressure to the fluid drive and to the formation may be effected through a rotating pressure applying and releasing member, whereby a circular zone of the formation shall be treated in order to produce a spiraling peaked pressure half wave and controlled rarefied half wave within the formation.

A further principal and important object of this invention is to provide a process for treating fluid reservoirs of variable permeability and porosity for increase of production therefrom, whereby strata of less permeability and porosity may be controllably and selectively treated with fluids concurrently in an open well bore along with the more permeable and porous strata.

Another object in conjunction with the preceding object is to provide a method where-by strata of less permeability and porosity may be selectively and controllably fractured and/or acidized to a greater extent and area in reservoirs wherein strata of less and more permeability and porosity have open access to the well bore.

In conjunction with the two preceding objects, when pressures build u at injection Wells used for secondary recovery, or substantial portions of the less permeable portions of the productive formation are being by-passed, as indicated by takeover of production wells by drive fluids, then controllably these less permeable sections of the strata may be fractured more fully and completely than the more permeable portions of the strata, so that control of the driving of the interstitial fluids of the for mation may be accomplished from these less permeable portions of the formation by the drive fluids being injected in the formation at the injection wells.

Also, various gases may be introduced into the formation along with other fluids. whereby liquefiable gases such as petroleum gases or other volatile gas such as Carbon dioxide or nitrogen may be used to form a substantially one phase fluid with the injected fluid or interstitial fluids of the formation under peak injection pressures and upon rarefaction releases of controllable pressures, either within the formation or at the face of the formation in the well \bore, will allow controllable fracture of or retention of drive pressures within the less permeable strata of the formation while substantially controlling the fracture of or driving of interstitial fluids from the more permeable portions of the formation, by forming two phases of fluids in the more permeable portions of the strata, thereby controlling drive pressure buildups or limiting pressures below formation fracturing pressures Within these more permeable strata of the formation.

A still further object and purpose is to provide a process whereby a fluid medium and sonic wave pressure may be alternately applied to and removed and released from a formation progressively along a circular path whereby controlled and selected frequencies and peaked amplitudes of fluid pressure and sonic wave pulsations are applied to and released from the formation; and where additional series of sonic wave pulsations of different frequencies and intensities may be applied to the fluid medium and to the sonic waves.

Toward this end, rotation of a fluid and sonic wave distributor by a fluid medium is effected and to directly apply the fluid and sonic waves by the distributor to a formation from portions of the distributor and to selectively and controllably as to timed frequencies and amplitudes withdraw and release the applied fluid and sonic wave energy from the formation through other portions of the distributor.

These together with other objects and advantages which will become subsequently apparent res-dc in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being bad to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout and in which:

FIGURE 1 is a view in vertical central section through a preferred form of apparatus in accordance with this invention, certain concealed parts being indicated in dotted lines therein; the section being taken through the apparatus in a plane to illustrate the passage of the return flow of pressure fluid and sonic Waves which has been previously applied to a formation and is returning therefrom through the apparatus.

FIGURE 2 is a horizontal sectional view taken substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 22 of FIGURE 1 and showing in particular the internal construction of the turbine rotor and sonic generator forming a distributor of the pressure fluid and sonic energy in accordance with this invention.

FIGURE 3 is a horizontal sectional view taken substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 33 of FIGURE 1 and showing in particular the stationary turbine diffuser blade assembly for directing the pressure fluid from the turbine rotor of the device into the formation.

FIGURE 4 is a horizontal sectional view taken substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 44 of FIGURE 1 and illustrating in particular the construction and the mounting of the stationary distributor and radiator vane assembly for applying the pulsating fluid and sonic wave pressure to a formation.

FIGURE 5 is an elevational development view of the exterior construction of the turbine rotor and sonic generator in order to show more clearly the particular and novel arrangement of the fins or vanes thereon.

FIGURES 6-10 are perspective views showing in their relative positions the various essential elements of this apparatus, and wherein;

FIGURE 6 is a perspective view, the top portion of the same being shown in horizontal section, of the stationary diffuser vane assembly of the apparatus for directing the fluid pressure medium into the turbine rotor and sonic wave radiator and distributor;

FIGURE 7 is a perspective view of .a control valve for producing shock Waves or hammer waves in the fluid pressure and sonic wave conducting medium;

FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of the turbine rotor forming both a rotating sonic wave generator and a distributing means for the sonic wave and pulsating fluid pressure;

FIGURE 9 is a perspective view of a high frequency wave generating means forming an element of the invention;

FIGURE 10 is a perspective view of the stationary pressure fluid distributor vane and sonic wcve radiating assembly for directing fluid and sonic waves from the turbine rotor and sonic wave generator and distributor into the formation.

FIGURE ll is a detail view taken upon an enlarged scale in vertical section substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 1111 of FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 12. is a vertical sectional view through a modified apparatus.

FIGURE 13 is a horizontal sectional detail view taken substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 13-43 of FIGURE 12.

FIGURE 14 is a perspective view of the combined turbine rotor distributor, sonic wave generator and diffuser vane assembly of the embodiment of FIGURE 12.

FIGURE 15 is a fragmentary in verticalsection of another modified construction of the rotor, sonic generator. distributor and fluid and sonic wave radiating diffuser as sembly.

FIGURE 16 is a horizontal sectional view taken substantially upon the plane indicated by section line 16-46 of FIGURE 15.

FIGURE 17 is an enlarged detail of a locking device forming part of the embodiment of FIGURE 15.

FIGURE 18 is a plan development of the circumference of the sonic generator turbine rotor, distributor and pressured fluid and sonic energy radiating diffuser assembly of the embodiment of FIGURE 15.

FIGURE 19 is a diagrammatic view illustrating various control and operational methods and processes that may be controllably and selectively used in the various processes of this invention as applied to increase of production from reservoirs of variable permeability and/ or porosity, or from reservoirs wherein Water and/or gas sections are in permeable communication with the matrix containing most of the productive oil and gas.

FIGURE 20 is a diagrammatic view illustrating various control and operational methods and processes that may be controllably and selectively used to treat with pressured fluids and sonic energy selected sections of the formation within reservoirs of variable permeability and/ or porosity, or reservoirs containing water and/ or gas sections in permeable communication'with the matrix of the formation containing most of the productive oil and gas, so that increased production of the desired fluid may result.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION A considerable number of years of field and laboratory experimentation as to the use of sonic waves with fluids as to treating and producing from productive strata of variable permeability and/or porosity, have shown some peculiar and Worthwhile characteristics of the use of fluids and sonic waves not seemingly known by others and'heretofore only anticipated in my prior mentioned copending applications.

That is to say, that sonic waves of rather uniform characteristics or. symmetry of wave form as taught by others prior to my teaching, When used with fluids in treating (fracturing, acidizing, cementing, etc.) and increase of production (secondary recovery driving, decreasing viscosity, pumping, etc.), although certain benefits may accrue due to the use, yet in the large number of reservoirs of variable permeability and/or porosity the use of this type of sonic wave and fluids tend to 'follow the pattern of pressured fluids without sonic waves and treat and cause increase of production from principally'the most permeable and/or porous sections of the stratified formations, which is of course not economically or conservatively desirable.

On the other hand, as taught in this invention and my copending and prior sonic inventions, there are certain types of sonic waves that when used with fluids in such a manner that at certain frequencies and fluid pressures if there are caused to be, either cyclically or at a periodic modulation of a cyclic multiple, certain substantially instantaneous pressure peaks of sonic wave pressure and fluid pressure imposed upon the face of stratified formations of varying permeabilities and/or porosities, and if there is cyclically or as a cyclic multiple a controlled and selected proper low pressure and time extended (compared to the peaked fluid and sonic pressure portion) withdrawal of both sonic and fluid pressure, then the strata containing the finer or smaller pores and/or lesser capillarity of interstitial permeability will be allowed and caused to be retentive of and buildup pressures greater than those strata of greater or more porosity and/or permeability wherein the build up and release of fluid and sonic pressure leaves little retention of either the peaked fluid and sonic cyclic pressures. The whole matter of success of this method is one of relative percentage of the portions of the cyclically imposed higher pressures of fluid and sonic energy that is re- 1 tained in the various portions of the stratified formation.

Thus, as to the above, field tests in deeper reservoirs 6 where peaked pressures of fluid and sonic energy in excess of 4,000 p.s.i. above the hydrostatic head of fluid in the well has been continuously, either cyclically or at cyclic multiples, impressed into and withdrawn to a low pressure approaching absolute zero or at least no more than the hydrostatic head of fluid in the well bore at the face of the formation, show that in the more permeable strata the fluid and sonic energy may be cyclically injected and withdrawn and the median pressure remaining on the formation outwardly in these more permeable and/or porous strata will be but slightly above the average pressure of the injected fluids and the median pres sure between the condensed and rarefied portions of the sonic wave.

However, by proper cyclic injection of both peaked fluid and sonic pressure and cyclic withdrawal and release thereof as taught in this application and my prior copending applications, the smaller the pores and/or the lesser the permeability, relative to the rest of the stratified formation, then the higher the peaked fluid and sonic energy pressures that will be retained relative to the rest of the stratified formation. In other Words, there is a time element and a greater reluctance to release these peaked injections of fluid and sonic pressures, that will, by proper andselective manipulations that will cause increasing areal buildup of pressures in the less permeable and/ or porous sections of the stratified formation, which may be used for the various treating processes such as fracturing, acidizing, etc., or the obtaining of production such as by secondary recovery, mixing of solvents, miscible fluids or gases in the more viscous crudes, pumping, etc., from substantially all of the area of these stratified formations, which before now has been impossible of achievement.

It has been found that the use of sonic Waves and fluids as heretofore taught by others, such as using sonic waves either with fluids being solely pumped into, removed from, or remaining stagnant in well bores in reservoirs, will not either treat or increase production recovery much over conventional methods from reser-v voirs of highly variable permeability and/or porosity. For, as above explained, .there would be but pulsing fluids that would be either uni-directionally moving or in a static position, and due to the increased area of movement allowed in the more open sections of the formation the pulsations would be of greater amplitude and the flow of fluids greatly increased in these areas where it is not desirable to have it be so.

Further, it has been found that gases introducedas taught in this application, as well as in my prior copending applications, greatly enhances the method herein and lowers the energy needed to treat and/or increase production from these reservoirs of variation of porosity and/or permeability. Especially is this so when gases are used of a type that are liquefiable at the face of the formation' under the cyclic peaked pressures of fluid and sonic energy, but become controllable and selectively vaporous under the cyclic or at a cyclic multiple of withdrawals and releases from the face of the formation. For in the smallest of the varying interstitial capillaries and pores the cyclic peaked fluid and sonic pressure would tend to substantially cause an adding of the gas in liquid form to the fluids of the formations where it would prove to be a viscosity reducing agent, while progressively where the permeability and/or porosity in other sections of the stratified formation the liquefying and expansions to vapor of the injected gas would be an assisting and motivating factor in allowing the cyclic withdrawals of fluid and sonic energy and thus assist in preventing an excess of fluids and sonic energy escaping or channeling through these more open zones or sections within the stratified reservoir.

Further, in the use of gases as taught in this application as applied to oil bearing formations of the type wherein gas in solution in the producing oil is the principal means for production therefrom and wherein water bearing strata is in permeable connection therewith, it may be preferable to use a gas that is miscible to the oil and gas of the formation but immiscible to others of the drive fluids including water. In such a reservoir, particularly one wherein economic primary production has been depleted, a conventional water drive will allow a substantial portion of the drive water to go from injection well to production well through the usually more permeable water section and gradually and increasingly become the principal fluid produced by the production well.

What greatly intensifies the above increase of production of water from stratified reservoirs containing a water section or wherein a more permeable and/or porous section of an oil and gas section has been taken over by drive water and becomes interstitial channels for flow of the injected flood water to the production well, is that the very drive force for the primary production, which is the gas in solution with the oil before the ini? tiation of any production from the reservoir, has now begun to come out of solution from the oil and forms and causes a discontinuous oil phase within the interstices of the formation which by increasing multitudinous surface tensions gradually blocks the movement of the oil to the production well.

This above discontinuous oil phase increases the amount of surface tension of oil droplets with decrease of pressure within the interstices of a producing reservoir as from continued production, and which is sometimes termed the lamin efl'ect, causes particularly ineffective results for increase of desired production as to the various treating processes and secondary recoveries when there is a water or gas section of the formation in permeable association with the well through which the treating process or drive fluid is being introduced. The gas or water section, each being a substantially one phase fluid at the temperatures and pressures encountered within the reservoir and having but slight varying characteristics of increasing interstitial capillary Jarnin eflect blocking as the economical production of the reservoir nears depletion, will each, or both where both occur, form a more easily traversed interstitial channel for entry of various treating fluids and/or drive fluids.

However, by correct proper controlled and selectable use of cyclic, substantially instantaneous peaked pressures of sonic energy and fluids including certain gases into these formations and withdrawals and releases therefrom, it has been found that at least a two-phase condition of fluids may be caused, induced into and maintained in operable condition within these singlephase gaseous and/or aqueous fluids, whereby a readily controllable and maintained discontinuity of liquid and vapor may be caused to form extensive areas of Iamin effect, capillary blocked interstices of the formation, whereas these undesirable gaseous and/or aqueous fluids have formerly been the principal production from production wells to the exclusion of the desired oil production.

A similar conditions exists wherein various treating I fluids such as fracturing fluids, types of acids, etc., have factions of controlled low pressure, may be caused to become areas or sections of the formations that will. have greater resistance of interstitial blocking than the matrix of the oil bearing sections of the formation, with the desired result of causing the treatment of the formation to be within these oil sections and the increase of production at the production wells to be principally oi'l.

Also, in the use of drive fluids in secondary recovery where at thestart the fluids will often enter the injection wells with no surface pressures being applied to the fluids, yet with greater areal sweep of the reservoir with the drive fluid the pressure buildup on the drive fluid normally increases as the injection of the drive fluid continues.

One of the principal causes of this pressure buildup of the drive fluids is that interstitial blocking or the Jamin effect resistance of the formation increases with continued outward sweep of the drive fluid because of the multitudincus interstitial capillary-like disconnections of oil and gas and of drive fluids that rapidly increase With distance traversed by the drive fluids. Should new wells be drilled periodically at the outward extent of the drive fluids and where banking of the accumulated oil and gas is maintained, then in many reservoirs the drive fluids could again be injected into these new injection wells with substantially no surface pressure being necessary.

Many operators have attempted to duplicate what the drilling of new injection wells would accomplish, i.e., conventionally fracturing injection Wells after a certain time period of sustained injection and using propping agents to maintain channels of lessened interstitial blocking towards the banked up face of the driven oil and gas. This type of uncontrollable fracturing into reservoirs for decreased drive pressures often result in bypassing substantially most of the oil and gas remaining in the matrix of the reservoir, due to the before now non-prevention of others of the fracturing fluids following the paths of least resistance in the reservoir, which could be more permeable or porous stratas, or water or gas sections in permeable communication with the matrix of the reservoir wherein is contained most of the oil and gas.

However, by following the methods and processes of this invention and of my copending applications, it has been found to be possible by correct manipulative control of simultaneous injections and withdrawals of pressured fluids and sonic waves in the manner previously taught in this application, to create and progressively maintain fractured channels to the banked up face of the driven oil and gas and simultaneously drive oil and gas from substantially all of the reservoir at fluid injection pressures never heretofore possible. Not only has it been possible by proper control, as hereinbefore taught, to create and maintain fractured and ruptured channels in the less permeable and porous sections so as to present a substantially uniform bank of driven oil and gas throughout all of the vertical height of a highly stratified reservoir, but by these proper manipulations of fluids and sonic waves it has been possible to cause a continued for some time weekly decline in fluid injection pressures within reservoirs wherein continued previous fluid injection has increased fluid injection pressures by the hereinabove shown increased areal extent of interstitial blocking of the reservoir.

In one reservoir where the methods of this invention were used to create an increase of production from strata of considerable variation of permeability throughout the height of the productive strata, one injection well was used as a means of testing what increase of production could be caused at production wells by the use of my methods of controllable injection and release of fluids and sonic wave energy to simultaneously controllably drive interstitial fluids to the production wells and to fracture the less permeable portions of the strata at the oil and gas interface back in the formation 'where the drive fluids had the banked up oil and gas front.

This particular injection well had penetrated strata of not only considerable variation of permeability but also of low permeability throughout all of the height of the strata. Multifracing of the formation by high injection rates had been attempted on the strata contacted by the i i 9 f well bore and considerable sand had been injected with the fracturing fluid when. the various fracturing treatments had in turn been given to the strata.

Yet this selective multifracing at high injection rates had not materially caused a continued increase of injection of drive fluids into the injection well, so that within a few days injection rates of fluid dropped to their former few barrels of fluid a day. This injection well was so ineffective that after more than a year of injection of drive fluid the nearest offset production well had shown no increase of production.

When drive fluids and sonic wave energy were cyclically and controllably used on this injection well for a few hours at low pressures and intensity there began an almost immediate large increase of gas from. this offset production well. but only a small increase of oil production.

However, when injection pressures of fluids and sonic wave energy were increased to intensities sufficient to cause'lifting of the overburden within the formation and controllable fracturing of the less permeable portions of the strata at the oil and gas front or interface at the distance the drive fluid had driven accumulated oil and gas, then within a matter of hours the offset production well began a large increase of oil production with no water content but considerable increase of the production.

What surprised the operator of the lease was the fact that almost simultaneously with the increase of oil and gas at the offset well, there occurred substantial increases ofoil and gas at other production wells on the lease, some of which wells were more than a half of a mile away from the injection well upon which the methods of this invention were being used.

' what it was prior to the treatment, then total production from the lease was increased by over fifty percent for more than thirty days thereafter, with no increase of water production over what the lease had been producing prior to the less than eighteen hours use of the methods asdisclosed in this application.

It was of particular interest to note that the production -wells that showed the substantial increase of production after thesonic wave treatment was given to the one injection well, were production wells adjacent a line of injection wells among which was the injection well upon which the sonic wave treatment was given.

GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EMBODIMENT OF FIGURES l-ll Referring first to FIGURE 1 there is disclosed a portion of a formation 10, to be treated in accordance'with this invention, which formation may comprise an oil hearing formation. In order to apply a pulsating fluid and sonic wave drive to this formation for treating the same, use is made of a Well bore 12 of any desired character penetrating into the formation whereby access is bad to a face of the formation. The novel apparatus forming the subject of this invention is designated generally by the numeral 14 and may be conveniently and readily introduced into and removed from the well bore in any desired manner, as for example by mounting the apparatus upon the lower end of a string of tubing or well casing 16 through which the fluid of the pressure drive or the treating fluid and substance is adapted to be supplied into the well bore and formation.

Disposed within the tubing or well casing 16 is a further string of tubing 18 which comprises a return line whereby the pressure drive fluid or treating fluid and substance after being applied to the formation as set forth hereinafter, may be returned to the surface, it being intended to continuously recir-culate a proportion of the pressure drive or treating fluid.

The apparatus 14 includes among its components a stationary outer casing 20 which is adapted to be detachably secured as by screw threads at the lower end of the string of tubing or casing 16, this casing enclosing certain of the elements composing the apparatus, as being provided upon its exterior and at its lower end with an expansible packer or anchor 22. Within the housing 20 is a centrally disposed stationary inner casing o-r housing 24. This housing 24 is removably secured by screw threads to the end of the string of tubing 18. The housings 20 and 24 are preferably equidistantly spaced and are cylindrical in shape in order to provide an annular chamber 26 therebetween, which chamber communicates with the interior of the tubing or casing string 16. The member 24 upon its-external surface carries a plurality of longitudinally extending circumferentially spaced difluser vanes or fins 42 whose particular arrangement is shown in FIGURES 3 and 6.

The components of the device further include a control valve 28, shown in FIGURE 7; and a freely rotatable combined turbine rotor and rotary fluid and sonic energy distributor 30 disclosed in FIGURE 8. Below the turbine rotor there is provided a high frequency wave generator 32 (see FIGURE 9) and a stationary fluid and sonic energy wave radiating, distributing and diffusing vane assembly 34 of the construction shown in FIGURE 10. The stationary radiator and distributor 34 is mounted upon a stationary supporting arbor or mandrel 36 rising from a supporting base 38 which is removably secured and sealed to the side of the well bore 12 as by a conventional packer assembly 49 operated by any conventional means (not shown).

ROTARY DISTRIBUTOR AND TURBINE ASSEMBLY The rotary distributor and turbine assembly includes the members 20, 24, 28, 36, 32 and 34. Referring first to FIGURES l, 3 and 6, it will be observed that the inner cylindrical casing or sleeve 24 is provided upon its exterior surface with a plurality of curved ribs, fins or vanes 42. These vanes each extend radially outwardly from the sleeve forming the body portion of the member 24, but are spirally curved along their longitudinal extent upon the sleeve, and are given such a contour and shape as will serve to direct the downwardly flowing stream of pressure fluid and/ or sonic energy to discharge the same at the most effective angle and to the best advanage against the turbine rotor blades and thus impart rotation thereto. The vanes 42 extend outwardly from the central sleeve member 24 through the annular chamber 26 and into either closely spaced relation with respect to the wall of the member 20; or preferably into secure and fixed engagement therewith. In any event, as will be apparent from FIGURE 3, the vanes 42 serve to divide the annular chamber 26 into a plurality of circumferentially spaced passages, the curving contour of the vanes 42 serving to direct the flow of these passages at a predetermined angular relation with respect to the vertical central axis of the device.

Across the bottom end of the sleeve 24, as shown more clearly in FIGURE 3. there is provided a diametrically disposed plate or spider 44 having a circular enlarged upwardly extending tubular boss 46.

Attention is now directed more specifically to FIG- URES 1. 2 and 8 for a consideration of the freely rotating turbine rotor and rotary distributor 30. This member consists of a hollow, sleeve or cylindrical body 47 having a flat circular or top wall 48 which however is downwardly recessed with regard to the upper end of the body 47 to receive the control valve 28 as set forth hereinafter. Extending axially upwardly from this top wall is a cylindrical boss comprising a bearing member 50 which is journalled in the above mentioned axially depending tubular boss 46 of the member 24. At its lower end, the

I I cylindrical body 47 has its central portion closed as by the circular bottom wall 52 and 'a further cylindrical boss constituting a bearing 54 projects axially downwardly therefrom for journalling in a manner to be subsequent- 1y set forth.

The top wall 48, see FIGURE 8, is provided with a pair of arcuately extending fluid return ports or passages 56 and 58, each extending preferably through substantially 90 of the circumference of the top wall and being oppositely disposed thereon. The previously mentioned valve member 28, see FIGURE 7, is preferably in the form of a circular disk and is provided with a central aperture 60 which is rotatably journalled upon the bearing projection 50, when the disk 28 is seated in the recess in the upper end of the cylindrical body 47 and is rotatably disposed upon the recessed top wall .8. By means of the vertical upper and lower journals 5i) and 54, seated in the stationary bearings 46 and 76, the member 30 is mounted for free rotation about its vertical axis.

The valve disk is also provided with a pair of ports 62 and 64 which are oppositely disposed upon the valve disk and each of which also extends through 90 of the circumference of the disk, these ports being complementary to the ports 56 and 58 previously mentioned. The arrangement and proportions are such that as shown in FIGURE 1, in the assembled position of the turbine rotor and the diffuser vane assembly, the valve disk is snugly rotatably received between the spider 44 and the top wall .8.

Thevalve disk 28 and the top wall 48 constituting a valve seat cooperate as a valve assembly. During normal operation of the apparatus, the valve disk rotates as a unit with the turbine rotor 30, the ports 62 and 64 remaining in registry with the ports 56 and 58. This places the space within the cylindrical body 17 in constant communication with the interior of the body 24 and the fluid and sonic energy return tubing 13. However, as set forth hereinafter, means are provided whereby the valve disk 28 may be locked to the stationary body 24 through the spider 44 to periodically interrupt the return flow of the fluid and sonic energy transmitting medium and thus produce a .water hammer or violent shock waves in the fluid medium and elastic sonic wave transmitting means.

The base 38 preferably consists of a flattened drum of any suitable material or construction, and is provided with a circumferentially disposed packer 46' which may be of any known and conventional construction and is adapted to' be expanded outwardly against the wall of the well bore 12 operated by any conventional means (not shown) for anchoring the base in place. Rising centrally from the base is a hollow conical arbor or mandrel 36 which as shown in FIGURE 1 is open at its upper end. Secured in any suitable manner to the exterior conical surface of the mandrel is a conical sleeve 70* of rubber or other suitable cushioning material.

The stationary radiating and distributor vane assembly 34 is adapted to be fixedly secured upon the mandrel. This assembly, see FIGURES 1, 4 and 10, consists of a conicall wall 72 of a shape and size to be snugly and tightly fitted upon the cushioning sleeve 70 when the distributor and radiator assembly is pressed downwardly upon the mandrel in the manner shown in FIGURE 1. At its upper end, the conical wall 72 is provided with a circular closure disk 74 which has a centrally disposed cup-shaped recess 76 therein. This recess rotatably receives and journals the above mentioned lower cylindrical bearing 54 of the rotor 30. The conical wall 72 is provided with a plurality of vertically (see FIGURE 1) extending slots 7 8, extending from the bottom of the wall 72 upwardly a suflicient distance to impart radial resiliency to the wall to thus permit the same to be frictionally clamped and pressed upon the mandrel. Ribs, vanes or fins 8i) extend radially from the side wall 72 along substantially the entire vertical height of the same, and these ribs are of such size as to be pressed into the wall of the well bore 12 when the assembly is expanded radially as it is pressed downwardly upon the mandrel in the manner shown in FIGURE 1. Thus, the ribs or fins 80, being pressed into the wall of the formation establish a sealing engagement which assists in preventing rotation of the asembly 34 and which also prevents flow of fluid and sonic energy circumferentially of the member 34 between the vertical channels formed between adjacent ribs 89.

At their lower ends the ribs 80 are provided with curved edges 32 and correspondingly curved bottom walls or webs 84 are jointed to these edges and are pressed into the wall of the well bore. The contour of the bottom walls 84 is such that the sonic wave energy and fluid pressure medium discharged downwardly'between adjacent fins or ribs 80 will be deflected and curved outwardly against the face of the formation through which the well bore extends. It will be observed that the bottom Walls 84 have slots 36 constituting extension of the slots 78 previously mentioned.

Disposed at equal angular intervals about the circumference of the wall of the cylindrical body 47 are a plurality of turbine vanes of specific contours and disposition as set forth hereinafter. These vanes have their upper ends terminating flush with the top wall of the rotor, as will be apparent from FIGURE 8. At their upper ends, these vanes are so disposed that they will register exactly with the lower ends of the stationary diffuser vanes 42 and of the member 24. This arrangement is such that the fluid directed by the lower ends of the vanes 42 in a direction to most effectively impact upon the upper ends of the rotor vanes. Thus, in the usual manner with turbines, the fluid medium under pressure will be directed against a rotor vane so as to impart rotation thereto.

However, although the plurality of streams of fluid and/ or sonic energy from the vanes 42, and which are fed thereto by the annular passage 26, are delivered to the upper portion of the turbine rotor around the entire circumference of the same, in a continuous manner, this fluid and sonic energy is discharged at the lower end of the same from only two diametrically opposite quadrant sectors of the rotor. To effect this function, the plurality of vanes are given such a curvature that the fluid received around the entire circumference of the upper portion of the rotor is caused to converge and be divided and discharged from two oppositely disposed quadrants at the lower surface of the same, for the hereinafter disclosed purpose of being a generator of cyclic fluid and sonic energy peaked pressure pulsed waves for entry into the interstices of the formation.

Referring to FIGURE 5, it will be seen that the upper edge of the turbine rotor in the development view therein has been indicated by the number 88, while the lower edge is indicated at 90. Upon opposite sides of the cylindrical surface of the body 47 there are provided a pair of substantially vertical or axially extending vanes 92 and 94 which extend from top to bottom of the rotor, and their lower ends may be slightly curved as at 96 and 98 to improve fluid flow. Also starting from the upper ends of the vanes 92 and 94 are a pair of curved dividing vanes 100 and 102 whose lower ends intersect the bottom edge of the rotor at the points 104 and 106, these points being equidistantly spaced between the previously mentioned vertical ribs or vanes 96 and 98. Thus, the lower edge of'the turbine rotor is divided into four equal portions or quadrants, while the upper edge is divided into two equal portions by the lower and upper ends respectively of the vanes 92, 94, and'102. As so far described, it will now be apparent that the fluid and sonic energy passing about one-half of the entire circumference of the upper portion of the turbine is discharged into the oppositely disposed quadrants at the lower portion of the turbine, these quadrants lying between the vanes 100 and 94 and 102 and 92, respectively. Thus, there is no down flowing fluid or sonic energy in the two triangular shaped quadrant sectors of the rotor circumference which are bounded by the vanes 92 and 100 and the vanes 94 and 102.

Disposed between the vanes 100 and 94 and the vanes 102 and 92 are a plurality of intermediate rotor blades 108 each of an appropriate contour for proportioning and directing the fluid and sonic energy flow passing between their respective guiding and directing vanes 100 and 94; and 102 and 92. These intermediate vanes will of course be of the size, shape and contour for most efficiently performing the customary functions of turbine blades.

From a study of FIGURES and 8 it will be Seen that the wedge-shaped or triangular segments lying be tween the vanes 92 and 100 and the vanes 94 and 162, and identified by the numeral 110 and 112 are sealed off from the downward flow of the fluid medium and sonic energy passing through the turbine rotor. These triangular spaces are provided with triangular shaped openings or ports 114 and 116 which are closed from the top of the rotor but are open to the bottom thereof and which serve to admit the return flow of the sonic wave energy and fluid medium from the interstices of the formation as set forth hereinafter, into the interior of the cylindrical body 47 from whence it passes, as previously described, through the device and into the return tubing 18, from whence it may be allowed to be bled off or produced at the surface under a controlled pressure, for purposes seen and stated hereinlater.

As sofar described, it will now be seen that two diametrically disposed quadrants upon the lower surface of I the rotor continuously deliver the sonic energy and fluid medium downwardly through the rotor and into the stationary radiating distributor vane assembly 34; while the other two oppositely disposed quadrants 110 and 112 constitute a return means for the fluid and sonic energy previously delivered to the member 34 and therethrough into the interstices of the formation.

As will be apparent from FIGURES 4 and 10, the stationary distributing sonic energy and fluid radiator vane assembly 34- has the same number of vertical vanes 89 as there are vanes 42 in the sleeve 24 and as there are vanes upon the rotor 30. Thus, there is a continuous, although reversely curving passage starting at the top of the vanes 42 and ending at the bottom portion of the vanes 80 whereby the fluid medium after passing through the turbine rotor is fed or delivered in the same number of streams at which it entered the upper stationary diffuser vane assembly, against the face of the formation in the well bore. However, in view of the. distributing and sonic wave generating function of the rotor, these fluid streams are temporarily laterally displaced as they pass through the rotor.

It will now be apparent that at a given moment, the entire fluid intake of the turbine rotor is discharged at a peaked pressure sonic pulse into two quadrants, each of 90 circumferential extent, from the vanes 80 of the vane assembly 34; and that as the rotor turns, these quadrants whereby the fluid is applied under pressure into the interstices of the formation, rotate or progress around the face of the formation in the well bore. Thus, for each 90' rotation of the rotor, it will be seen that two quadrants are pressurizing the formation and forming a peaked pressure half wave pulse of fluid and sonic energy, while the other two quadrants are relieving the fluid and sonic energy pressure previously applied to the interstices of the formation; and this action progresses circumferentially and in alteration as the rotor turns. By this means, the fluid pressure medium is caused to impart periodic alternate applications of fluid and sonic energy half wave peaked pressure to and half wave low pressure withdrawals of fluid and sonic energy from the interstices of 'the formation in a continuing sequence. Thus, the pressure medium is caused to impart a pulsating fluid and sonic energy pressure effect to the interstices of a formation which has been found to be highly eflicacious in aiding the secondary recovery of oil therefrom; introducing by these pulsations of fluid and sonic energy an energy transmitting high frequency wave in the interstices of the medium in the formation which wave in itself penetrates into the fluids of the formation and upon attenuation releases its energy in the fluids of the formation in the form of heat of physical impulses and thereby assists in reducing the viscosity of these fluids.

HAMMER VALVE ASSEMBLY As shown in FIGURES 1 and 3, the spider 44 has mounted thereon a fluid pressure operated device which is preferably in the form of a cylinder and to which fluid pressure is applied as by a pipe or conduit 132 which may extend through the string of tubing 18. Movable within the cylinder 130 is a fluid pressure actuated member, such as a plunger, diaphragm or the like, not shown, and which extends through a corresponding opening in the spider 44 whereby the same may be caused by the application of fluid pressure to frictionally engage the upper surface of the'valve disk 28. Since the fluid pressure actuated device is of any one of a number of conventional and known types, a detailed description of the same is deemed to be unnecessary for the purposes of understanding the principles of this invention. Alternatively, any other type of latch means may be employed to selectively hold the valve disk against rotation, the invention not being limited to any particular construction for this purose.

p In operation, the valve disk normally rotates with the cylindrical body 47 as previously set forth. It is contemplated that the flow of fluid and sonic energy through the aligned ports or apertures in the valve disk and the top wall 48 of the cylindrical body will assist in keeping the ports aligned and causing the valve disk to rotate with the body. However, when a pressure is applied through the conduit 132 to the actuator 130, the frictional engagement of the actuator upon the valve disk will wither to completely stop further rotation of the valve disk; or will retard the rotation of the same relative to the rotation of the cylindrical body 47. When the disk is completely stopped, it is evident that each rotation of the body 47 will intermittently interrupt the return flow of the rare fied half wave sonic energy and the fluid medium. This interruption will result in a hammer shock as the moving medium and rarefied half wave low pressure portion of the sonic wave is suddenly baited in its motion. This hammer shock will result in high frequency high pressure peaked shock waves being set up in the fluid medium as modulations imposed upon the sonic energy waves and through the fluid transmitting medium being imparted to the fluid in the interstices of the formation contacted by the same.

It will be evident that the force applied in this hammer shock wave modulation means may be graduated or regulated by varying the speed at which the ports in the valve assembly are closed, and this variation is of course effected by the frictional drag applied to the valve disk through the pressure operated device 130. Thus, this arrangement provides a means for imparting controllable modulating hammer shock Waves to the sonic waves radiating into the interstices of the formation and thus form selectable types of peaked pressure high frequency vibrations in the fluid medium, as desired.

HIGH FREQUENCY WAVE GENERATOR Reference is next made to FIGURES 1, 9 and 11 for an understanding of a high frequency wave generating device which forms a part of the apparatus and which may be selectively placed into or out of operation.

The member 32 consists of a circular disk provided with a circular central portion or hub 140 which is apertured, as at 142. The hub 140 rests upon the top well 74 of the member 34 with the aperture 142 surrounding the bearing 54 of the turbine rotor.

- A plurality of radially extending vanes or :blades 144 radiate from the hub portion 140 and constitute spokes which support the annular rim 146. The latter is received within the lower end of the skirt portion of the member 2% and has a snug rotating fit therein.

The blades or spokes 144 are preferably V-shaped in cross-section with their apex at the top and with their sides downwardly diverging, as clearly shown in FIGURE 9 and in FIGURE 11. The blades or spokes 144 are of sufficient length to extend substantially entirely across the annular passage lying between the external surface of the cylindrical wall of the body 47 and the internal cylindrical surface of the member 20, and thus extend across the downwardly flowing stream of the fluid medium.

If desired, the undersurface of the spokes could also be provided with a downwardly directed knife edge similar to the upwardly directed knife edge just described, whereby the returning or upflowing stream of fluid would encounter the knife edges during its upward flow.

As will be seen from FIGURE 1, the hub portion 140 is rotatably received betwen the bottom wall 52 of the body 47 and the top wall 74 of the element 34. Means are provided for selectively locking the generator 32 to the top wall 74 or to the bottom wall 52. This means preferably comprises one or more detents or recesses 148 in the upper surface of the hub 149, and similar recesses in the lower surface of the same. Suitably mounted within the interior of the cylindrical body 47 is a fluid pressure actuated device 150 to which fiuid pressure is supplied as by a conduit 152. Forming a part of the device 150 is a vertically reciprocable plunger 154 which upon downward movement is adapted to engage the detent or locking ball 156 and press the same downwardly through an opening in the bottom wall 52 into one of the locking detents 148 to thereby lock or latch the hub 140 to the 7 bottom wall 52 for rotation with the turbine rotor. When locked in this position, the spaces between the blades 144 will register with the spaces or passages between the turbine blades and thus there will be no relative rotation between the blades 144 and the turbine blades or vanes.

Suitably mounted within the hollow mandrel or arbor 36 is a pressure actuated device 158 similar to the device 150 and which likewise actuates a locking ball 160 to engage the locking detents from the underside of the hub v149. Fluid pressure is supplied to the actuator 158 by means. of a conduit 162. The two conduits extend through swivel connections of any conventional character and which are disposed axially of the bearing member 50, while the conduit 162 also extends through similar swivelling connections in the bearing member 54. The two conduits may conveniently be disposed for passage up the string of tubing 18 whereby the three conduits 132, 152, and 162 maybe connected to any suitable fluid pressure source and pressure control means disposed at the surface of the well bore.

This arrangement is such that the pressure actuated devices 150 and 158 may be selectively energized to selectively lock the wave generating member 32 to the turbine rotor for rotation therewith as a unit; or to the stationary member 34. When rotating with the turbine rotor, the wave generator may be considered to be in its inoperative or inactive position, since there is no affect upon the flow of fluid either upwardly or downwardly through the same. However, when the generator is locked to the stationary vane assembly 34, the relative rotation of the fluid discharged by or passing into the turbine rotor will move across the knife edges of the members 144 and thus will have imparted thereto a high frequency vibratory motion. It will be observed that when locked to the member 34, the blades 144 will be in line 16 with the blades 80. while when locked to the turbine rotor, they will be in line with the vanes 108. Thus, the high frequency wave generating device 32 may be selectively rendered operative or inoperative as desired, and thus constitutes a means for imposing additional high frequency modulating vibrations upon the pressured sonic energy and fluid medium passing through the apparatus.

INTRODUCTION or cases same is supplied to the radiating diffuser vane assembly 24, it is preferred to provide a gas introducing means associated with the sonic wave generating turbine rotor and flluid and sonic wave radiator and distributor 30.

For this purpose a plurality of gas discharge slots are provided in the lower portion of the wall of the cylindrical body 47, between the vanes 104 and 98 and betwen the vanes 192 and 92. Then slots extend circumferentially of the radiator and distributor and lie in those quadrants through which the sonic wave and fluid pressure medium is flowing towards and into the interstices of the formation, whereby the introduced gases will be carried and applied to the interstices of the formation by the pressured fluid and sonic wave medium.

In order to supply the gases to be inducted, a suitable conduit or passage system 172 is provided, which is mechanically associated with the bottom hole device 14 in the same manner as the previously described fluid pressure conduits 132, 152 and 162, and is connected at the surface to compressed gas supply means in a manner hereinafter described in detail. Although the gas supplying conduit [72 by way of illustration is shown as being of small diameter and carrying capacity, yet it is to be understood that cond-uits proportionate to the size needed or desired may be used when it is found to be necessary for performance of the methods disclosed as to the type of fluid productive reservoir to which this invention is directed.

OPERATION The embodiment of the apparatus disclosed in FIG- URES 1-11 and 19 and 20 is capable of several important different modes of controllable and selectable operation. First, it may be employed as a means of circulating a fluid pressure medium and for applying fluid pressure sonic wave pulsations and modulating high frequency sonic wave impulses thereon for treating a formation; second, it may be positioned in a flowing well whereby the formation pressure will constitute the driving means for operating the device and producing fluid and sonic wave pressure pulsations for treating the formation; third, it may be used in a flowing well for acquiring to a formation under pressure a diluting medium to facilitate the recovery of oil from the formation; fourth, it may be used to apply gases for treating the formation, or for a vapor lift to assist in the pumping of oil from the well bore; fifth. by controllable and selectable means located at the surface various methods may be used to increase oil recovery from reservoirs of variable permeability and/or porosity; and sixth, by controllable and selectable means operated from the surface various processes may be employed for treating a formation. These several different modes of operation will now be considered in the order mentioned above.

OPERATION OF THE APPARATUS FOR CIRCU- LATING A PULSATING FLUID AND SONIC WAVE PRESSURE MEDIUM When it is desired to apply pulsating sonic wave and fluid pressures and/or gases for treating a formation, the device 14 of FIGURES 1-11 is lowered into a well bore into position adjacent the desired portion of a formation which it is desired to treat with the apparatus, and the base 38 is securely locked in place by expanding the packing 40 in a conventional manner. Then the rest of the device is lowered upon this base, the stationary distributing radiator vane assembly 34 being in its radially col-- lapsed position and is lowered down upon the mandrel, and during this lowering movement is radially expanded 15 until the vanes 80 are pressed into the wall of the bore. Then the packer 22 is expanded 'by fluid under pressure flowing through tubing 16 and the apparatus is thus secured in place ready for use.

A fluid sonic wave generating pressure with which the 20 formation is to be treated is then applied under pressure through the tubing 16 and enters the annular chamber 26. From thence, as set forth in detail in the foregoig description, this fluid and sonic wave pressure passes through the diffuser vanes 42 and is discharged into the upper end of the turbine vanes 100, 102 and 108 of the sonic wave generating turbine rotor and distributor 47. After it passes through the latter, the fluid and sonic energy either alone or within a gaseous or other treating medium supplied through the slots 170 through the conduit 172, passes downwardly into portions of the vanes 80 of the stationary sonic Wave and fluid distributing radiator assembly, and

from thence are applied to two circumferential oppositely disposed quadrants positioned opposite the space between vanes 100 and 94, and between vanes 102 and 92, of the formation for producing an increase in pressure therein. At the same time, the intermediate two quadrant sections of the formation are connected through the vane assembly to the two quadrant sections 110 and 112 of the rotor body and by means of the ports 114 and 116 permits fluid and sonic energy to flow through the interior of this body and upwardly through the registering ports of the valve assembly members. The fluid and sonic energy then flows upwardly through the tubing 18 to the pumping or sonic wave generating means by which the fluid and sonic energy is circulated. As the sonic wave generating turbine rotor to the fluid pressure medium prior to its introduction into the tubing 16 in order to effect a desired vibratory sonic wave and fluid treatment upon the formation. It will also be apparent that the gases previously referred to may be utilized either in treating the formation itself in combination with the sonic waves, or as a vapor lift to assist in lifting the medium and/ or formation liquids from the well bore.

During the above described operation, the high frequency wave generator 32 has been considered to be in its inoperative position, during which it has no effect upon the flow of the fluid and sonic energy medium into or out of the device. However, by actuation of the fluid pressure actuators 150 and 158, the rigid locking of the wave generator 32 to the turbine rotor is released and the generator is locked to the stationary distributing vane assembly 34. When this occurs, the relative rotation of the turbine rotor with respect to the now stationary wave generator 32 causes the sharp edges of the blades 144 of the latter to impart a modulating high frequency vibration to the sonic energy and fluid pressure medium passing through the sonic wave genera-tor. Thus, these high 18 frequency sonic waves are additionally imparted to the formation.

In addition to the selective application of high frequency sonic waves to the fluid and sonic wave pressure medium, the apparatus may also function to impart a further modulation of hammer shock wave thereto for increasing the amplitude and severity of the peaked half wave pressures of fluid and sonic energy. For that purpose, the valve mechanism 28 is either quickly or slowly closed by the mechanism described hereinbefore, causing either an abrupt change in frequency phase or a more gradual stoppage of the upward flow of the fluid and sonic energy medium from the well bore, thereby resulting in the generation of a controllable hammer shock wave modulation therein. This latter sonic wave modulation means is, of course, generated at a frequency proportional to the speed of frequency of rotation of the turbine rotor, and the amplitude and severity of these shock waves modulations to the cyclic alternations of peaked pressure half wave fluid and sonic energy being injected the interstices of the formation is principally governed by the fluid and sonic energy pressure differential maintained between tubing or casing 16 and tubing 18 of FIGURE 1.

OPERATION OF DRIVE BY FORMATION PRESSURE OF A FLOWING WELL In the second mode of operation of the apparatus, the sonic wave pressure impulses applied to the formation are produced by the formation pressure itself of a flowing well and not by a circulating of a fluid and sonic wave pressure medium.

In this arrangement and operation fluids from the formation under the formation pressure flow from the stationary radiator vane assembly 34 upwardly through the sonic wave generating turbine rotor vane assembly and outwardly through the diffuser vanes 42. During this flow the valve assembly may be closed, the valve actuator 130 being of such character as to enable the valve plate to be fixedly latched or secured to the top wall 48 of the cylindrical body 47 with a valve port out of registry with each other. As the formation fluids and any previously created sonic energy flow upwardly under the pressure existing in the formation, it is obvious that the sonic wave generating turbine rotor will rotate in an opposite direction from that previously described, with the rotor quadrants between the vanes 194 and the vanes 102 and 92 permitting passage of this fluid and/or sonic energy and causing rotation of the turbine rotor. With the valve assembly 28 closed, flow through the wedged shape quadrants 110 and 112 of the sonic wave generating rotor is prevented. Thus, the fluid and any sonic wave energy flowing from the formation and into the device is alternately withdrawn and stopped as successive quadrants pass the same region of the formation, thus producing a fluid and sonic wave pulsing efiect augmenting the pressure prevailing in the formation in that region. These fluid and sonic wave pulsations may be beneficially employed to treat the formation in the same manner as the peaked pressure fluid and sonic energy pulsations produced in the previously described operation of the device.

In this mode of operation, gases may be introduced to the portion to constitute a vapor lift assisting in the flowing of the fluids and sonic energy from the well bore. Also 170 may be used as a means of controlling or lessening the frequency and/or amplitude of the cyclic alernations of fluid and sonic energy as by allowing some fluid flow from reservoirs having substantially high bottom hole pressures.

Still further, the high frequency vibrating means 32 may be utilized or rendered inoperative in'the manner previously set forth, it being observed that in this form of the invention it will be necessary to have knife edges on the bottom of the blades 144. 

